Dungeons & Dragons
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Dungeons & Dragons (commonly abbreviated as D&D or DnD)1 is a fantasy tabletop role-playing game (RPG) originally created and designed by Gary Gygax and Dave Arneson.234 The game was first published in 1974 by Tactical Studies Rules, Inc. (TSR).4 It has been published by Wizards of the Coast, later a subsidiary of Hasbro, since 1997. The game was derived from miniature wargames, with a variation of the 1971 game Chainmail serving as the initial rule system.35 D&D's publication is commonly recognized as the beginning of modern role-playing games and the role-playing game industry,46 and also deeply influenced video games, especially the role-playing video game genre.789
D&D departs from traditional wargaming by allowing each player to create their own character to play instead of a military formation. These characters embark upon adventures within a fantasy setting. A Dungeon Master (DM) serves as referee and storyteller for the game, while maintaining the setting in which the adventures occur, and playing the role of the inhabitants of the game world, known as non-player characters (NPCs). The characters form a party and they interact with the setting's inhabitants and each other. Together they solve problems, engage in battles, explore, and gather treasure and knowledge. In the process, player characters earn experience points (XP) to level up, and become increasingly powerful over a series of separate gaming sessions.2610 Players choose a class when they create their character, which gives them special perks and abilities every few levels.
References
- ↑ (February 18, 2019). D&D: The 'What does that stand for?' list, Geek Native.
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 Darren Waters. (April 26, 2004). news/magazine/3655627.stm What happened to Dungeons and Dragons?, BBC News.
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 Cecilia D'Anastasio. (August 26, 2019). Dungeons & Deceptions: The First D&D Players Push Back On The Legend Of Gary Gygax, Kotaku.
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 Jon Michaud. (November 2, 2015). The Tangled Cultural Roots of Dungeons & Dragons, The New Yorker.
- ↑ Jon Birnbaum. (July 20, 2004). Gary Gygax Interview, Game Banshee.
- ↑ 6.0 6.1 J. Patrick Williams; Sean Q. Hendricks; W. Keith Winkler (2006). Gaming as Culture, Essays on Reality, Identity and Experience in Fantasy Games. Jefferson, N.C.: McFarland & Company. pp. 1–14, 27. ISBN 0-7864-2436-2. OCLC 63122794.
- ↑ Theo Kogod. (September 30, 2020). 11 Ways Dungeons & Dragons Influenced Video Games, TheGamer.
- ↑ Marta Gil. (March 18, 2019). The influence of role-playing in video games, Gametopia.
- ↑ Jon-Paul Dyson. (May 6, 2011). The Influence of Dungeons and Dragons on Video Games, The Strong National Museum of Play.
- ↑ Neima Jahromi. (October 24, 2017). The Uncanny Resurrection of Dungeons & Dragons.